Enteric duplication cysts in children: varied presentations, varied imaging findings.

Enteric duplication cysts (EDCs) are rare congenital malformations formed during the embryonic development of the digestive tract. They are usually detected prenatally or in the first years of life. The size, location, type, mucosal pattern and presence of complications produce a varied clinical presentation and different imaging findings. Ultrasonography (US) is the most used imaging method for diagnosis. Magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) are less frequently used, but can be helpful in cases of difficult surgical approach. Conservative surgery is the treatment of choice. Pathology confirms the intestinal origin of the cyst, showing a layer of smooth muscle in the wall and an epithelial lining inside, resembling some part of the gastrointestinal tract (GT). We review the different forms of presentation of the EDCs, showing both the typical and atypical imaging findings with the different imaging techniques. We correlate the imaging findings with the surgical results and the final pathological features. TEACHING POINTS: • EDCs are rare congenital anomalies from the digestive tract with uncertain pathogenesis. • More frequently, diagnosis is antenatal, with most EDCs occurring in the distal ileum. • Ultrasonography is the method of choice for diagnosis of EDCs. • Complicated EDCs can show atypical imaging findings. • Surgery is necessary to avoid complications.

Calidad asistencial en la atención inicial al trauma pediátrico / Quality of initial trauma care in paediatrics

Introducción: En nuestro país la asistencia al trauma no se presta en centros específicos, lo que expone a los profesionales sanitarios a un contacto esporádico con este tipo de pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la calidad de la asistencia inicial prestada a los pacientes antes de su ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) de un centro de tercer nivel tras el inicio de un programa formativo en trauma pediátrico, como medida indirecta del aumento de profesionales con formación específica. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron 2 cohortes de pacientes correspondientes a los ingresos en UCIP por trauma durante los 4 años previos al inicio de los cursos de formación (grupo 1, periodo 2001-2004) y durante los 4 últimos años (grupo 2, periodo 2012-2015), tras haber formado a cerca de 500 profesionales. Se registró el mecanismo lesional, equipo que presta la asistencia inicial, puntuación en el score de Glasgow (GCS) en la atención inicial, y puntuación en el índice de trauma pediátrico (ITP) en la atención inicial. La calidad de la asistencia se evaluó mediante 5 indicadores: uso de collarín cervical, obtención de una vía venosa, intubación orotraqueal si GCS ≤ 8, sondaje gástrico si ITP ≤ 8, y número de actuaciones realizadas entre las primeras 4 medidas recomendadas (control cervical, administración de oxígeno, canalización de vía periférica y administración de fluidos). Se comparó el porcentaje de cumplimiento de los indicadores en ambos periodos. Una p < 0,05 fue considerada estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: Se analizó a 218 pacientes; 105 en el grupo 1 y 113 en el grupo 2. Los grupos mostraron diferencias tanto en el mecanismo lesional como en el equipo que presta la asistencia inicial. En los últimos años se aprecia una disminución de los accidentes de tráfico (28% vs. 6%; p: 0,0001), así como un aumento de los casos atendidos en centros de baja complejidad (29,4% vs. 51,9%; p: 0,008). También disminuyeron los pacientes en coma (29,8% vs. 13,5%; p: 0,004) o con trauma grave (48,5% vs. 29,7%; p: 0,005). De los indicadores analizados solo se observó mejoría en el uso de collarín cervical (17,3% vs. 32,7%; p: 0,01), sin modificarse el porcentaje de pacientes en los que no se realiza ninguna acción en la asistencia inicial (19% vs. 11%; p: 0,15). Conclusiones: Aunque con mejoras aisladas, el desarrollo de un programa formativo específico no se ha traducido en una mejora global de la calidad asistencial en este tipo de pacientes. La formación en trauma debe complementarse con medidas de refuerzo para conseguir una aplicación sistemática del algoritmo de actuación (AU)

Introduction: Trauma care in Spain is not provided in specific centres, which means that health professionals have limited contact to trauma patients. After the setting up of a training program in paediatric trauma, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the initial care provided to these patients before they were admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a third level hospital (trauma centre), as an indirect measurement of the increase in the number of health professionals trained in trauma. Material and methods: Two cohorts of PICU admissions were reviewed, the first one during the four years immediately before the training courses started (Group 1, period 2001-2004), and the second one during the 4 years (Group 2, period 2012-2015) after nearly 500 professionals were trained. A record was made of the injury mechanism, attending professional, Glasgow coma score (GCS), and paediatric trauma score (PTS). Initial care quality was assessed using five indicators: use of cervical collar, vascular access, orotracheal intubation if GCS ≤ 8, gastric decompression if PTS≤8, and number of actions carried out from the initial four recommended (neck control, provide oxygen, get vascular access, provide IV fluids). Compliance was compared between the 2 periods. A P<.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 218 patient records were analysed, 105 in Group 1, and 113 in Group 2. The groups showed differences both in injury mechanism and in initial care team. A shift in injury mechanism pattern was observed, with a decrease in car accidents (28% vs 6%; P<.0001). Patients attended to in low complexity hospitals increased from 29.4% to 51.9% (P=.008), and their severity decreased when assessed using the GCS ≤ 8 (29.8% vs 13.5%; P=.004), or PTS≤8 (48.5% vs 29.7%; P=.005). As regards quality indicators, only the use of neck collar improved its compliance (17.3% to 32.7%; P=.01). Patients who received no action in the initial care remained unchanged (19% vs 11%%; P=.15). Conclusions: Although there are limited improvements, the setting up of a training program has not translated into better initial care for trauma patients in our area of influence. Trauma training should be complemented with other support measures in order to achieve a systematic application of the trauma care principles (AU)

[Quality of initial trauma care in paediatrics]. / Calidad asistencial en la atención inicial al trauma pediátrico.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma care in Spain is not provided in specific centres, which means that health professionals have limited contact to trauma patients. After the setting up of a training program in paediatric trauma, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the initial care provided to these patients before they were admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a third level hospital (trauma centre), as an indirect measurement of the increase in the number of health professionals trained in trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two cohorts of PICU admissions were reviewed, the first one during the four years immediately before the training courses started (Group 1, period 2001-2004), and the second one during the 4 years (Group 2, period 2012-2015) after nearly 500 professionals were trained. A record was made of the injury mechanism, attending professional, Glasgow coma score (GCS), and paediatric trauma score (PTS). Initial care quality was assessed using five indicators: use of cervical collar, vascular access, orotracheal intubation if GCS ≤ 8, gastric decompression if PTS≤8, and number of actions carried out from the initial four recommended (neck control, provide oxygen, get vascular access, provide IV fluids). Compliance was compared between the 2 periods. A P<.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 218 patient records were analysed, 105 in Group 1, and 113 in Group 2. The groups showed differences both in injury mechanism and in initial care team. A shift in injury mechanism pattern was observed, with a decrease in car accidents (28% vs 6%; P<.0001). Patients attended to in low complexity hospitals increased from 29.4% to 51.9% (P=.008), and their severity decreased when assessed using the GCS ≤ 8 (29.8% vs 13.5%; P=.004), or PTS≤8 (48.5% vs 29.7%; P=.005). As regards quality indicators, only the use of neck collar improved its compliance (17.3% to 32.7%; P=.01). Patients who received no action in the initial care remained unchanged (19% vs 11%%; P=.15). CONCLUSIONS: Although there are limited improvements, the setting up of a training program has not translated into better initial care for trauma patients in our area of influence. Trauma training should be complemented with other support measures in order to achieve a systematic application of the trauma care principles.